84 research outputs found

    (Mixed) Biofilms and Infection

    Get PDF
    Biofilms: thin layers of microorganisms adhering to the surface of a structure, which may be organic or inorganic, together with the polymers that they secrete. 10 mm They are dynamic structures which experience different stages of organization with the ageing.Device-associated infections Microorganisms 2022, 10(7), 1259; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071259 Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are infections that patients acquire during the course of receiving healthcare treatment for other conditions. These infections related to medical care can be devastating and even deadly.N/

    Toxicity assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: the importance of the use of complementary methods

    Get PDF
    Hidrocarbonetos Aromáticos Policíclicos (HAPs) e seus derivados Halogenados (HHAPs) são conhecidos como um conjunto de contaminantes ambientais, classificados como potencialmente tóxicos, mutagénicos e carcinogénicos, sendo um assunto de extrema importância e preocupação para a saúde pública. Diversos estudos têm reportado o potencial efeito tóxico destes compostos após longos períodos de exposição, pelo uso de métodos colorimétricos como o ensaio de brometo de 3-[4,5- dimetil-tiazol-2-il]-2,5-difeniltetrazólio (MTT) e vermelho neutro. Contudo, apesar de estes métodos clássicos de avaliação da citotoxicidade in vitro permitirem, de forma rápida, identificar as propriedades nocivas dos compostos, não permitem compreender os mecanismos moleculares subjacentes responsáveis pela sua toxicidade. Deste modo, no presente estudo, para avaliar os efeitos à exposição aos compostos Pireno (Pir) e seu derivado resultante da desinfeção de águas por bromação, 1-BromoPireno (1-BrPir), foram utilizados outros métodos complementares como avaliação do stress oxidativo e vários fenómenos associados à morte celular programada. Os resultados obtidos comprovam não só a existência de efeitos citotóxicos dos poluentes quando acumulados, como também possíveis efeitos genotóxicos. Assim, pelos métodos complementares, foi possível a identificação de alvos moleculares passiveis de ação farmacológica, o que pode constituir o primeiro passo para o desenho de estratégias terapêuticas que visem prevenir ou tratar os danos provocados por estes poluentes no Homem.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their halogenated derivatives (HPAHs) are known as a set of environmental contaminants classified as potentially toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic, being a matter of utmost importance and concern to public health. Several studies have reported the potential toxic effects of these compounds after long periods of exposure by the use of colorimetric methods such as 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutral red. Nonetheless, despite these classic in vitro cytotoxicity assays allow, in a faster way, the identification of the harmful properties of the compounds, they fail in elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for their toxicity. Taking into account these mentioned aspects, in the present work, other complementary methods were used in order to evaluate the effects of the exposure to Pyrene (Pyr) and to a brominated-pyrene derivative (resulted from water disinfection), 1-BromoPyrene (1-BrPyr). Effectively, by the evaluation of the oxidative stress and programmed cell death induced by PAHs it was not only possible to verify the cytotoxic effects of PAHs when accumulated but also their potential genotoxic effects. In conclusion, through the use of other tests than the classic cytotoxicity assays, it was possible to identify potential druggable molecular targets which can be the first step towards the development of new therapeutic strategies either to prevent or treat the damage caused by these compounds in Humans.Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no âmbito do projeto RECI/QEQMED/ 0330/2012, financiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)

    A microscopia eletrónica no diagnóstico rápido de agentes infeciosos em situações de emergência

    Get PDF
    Sumário: Introdução; Vantagens e Desvantagens associadas à microscopia eletrónica; Aplicações da microscopia eletrónica no diagnóstic

    Contribution of freely available databases for the accurate classification of emergent pathogens

    Get PDF
    OBJECTIVES: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a heterogeneous group of microorganisms. Their clinical relevance and treatment differs significantly upon NTM species, which makes identification at this level crucial. Additionally, inaccurate diagnosis can lead to therapeutic approaches consistent with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection which are usefulness.In the present study different molecular methods were used in the identification of NTM. The aim was to evaluate and compare the performance of freely available databases in the accurate identification of NTM. METHODS: Partial sequencing of hsp65 and 16S rRNA genes of 54 strains of NTM. The resulting sequences were compared with the nucleotide sequences from GenBank, RIDOM and EzTaxon databases for 16S rRNA gene. For hsp65 gene GenBank and Web Databases were used. RESULTS: Seventy-two percent of NTM were identified to species level by 16SrRNA analysis. The remaining 28% failed this goal. Thirty-three obtained an unique outcome in all databases and 6 isolates (15%) obtained at least one different resultAnalysis of hsp65 gene sequences identified unambiguously 76% of the strains, for the remaining 22% the analysis led to the possibility of classification into more than one species. Of all the strains analyzed, this approach failed to identify only 2%. CONCLUSION: The obsolescence of databases, including the GenBank and RIDOM, made the identification of emerging pathogens, as NTM, very complex. If instead of allowing free deposit it was mandatory to update the taxonomy of mycobacteria and asserting the quality of sequences prior to deposit, e.g. in GenBank, several problems would be avoided. Among the shortcomings, we highlight the existence of non-validated "species" names, poorly classified species and even classification limited to genera. As there is no control of sequences submited to this database, identical sequences could give different percentages of similarity. Furthermore, this database contains an enormous amount of flawed sequences, which can lead to identification errors. On the other hand controlled databases which contain high quality and properly characterized sequences, have a limited usefulness due to lagging updating (RIDOM), and the absence of sequences other than from reference strains (EzTaxon and Web Database)

    Innate immune response during NTM infections

    Get PDF
    Background As tuberculosis incidence declines in industrialized countries, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections gained relevance. Human infection with NTM became relevant with AIDS pandemic, being currently recognized as a cause of pulmonary infection in humans. Despite this fact little is known about NTM pathogenesis. In the present work the role of innate immune response during NTM infection using THP-1 cells as a model of alveolar macrophages was evaluated. Methods M.smegmatis mc2 155, 2 reference strains (M.avium ATCC25291; M.fortuitum ATCC6841) and 2 clinical isolates (M.avium 60/08;M. fortuitum 747/08) were used. Bacteria were grown until mid-exponential phase and stored at -80°C. Before each experiment analiquot was thawed and diluted in RPMI with 10% HI- FCS in order to reach an OD600nm of 0.1. The inoculums were titrated by CFU enumeration on 7H10 medium supplemented with 10% OADC. Briefly, 4x104 THP-1 cells were platted/well and incubated for 72h with 100nM PMA (37°C/5% CO2) then fresh medium without PMA was added being the cells incubated for further 24h. The cells were infected for 1 or 3h for fast or slow growers, respectively. The intracellular persistence was evaluated by CFU enumeration at different time points from 1 to 24h or 3 to 168h for fast and slow growers, respectively. Phagosome acidification was followed using confocal microscopy. The secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines was assayed by ELISA, NO production using the Griess reagent and apoptosis was followed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The ability of mycobacteria to persist at different pHs was evaluated using BACTEC-MGIT960. Results The mycobacteria experienced different fates within THP-1 macrophages. M.smegmatis and M.fortuitum ATCC6841 were cleared within 24h, whereas 747/08 and the two M.avium strains were able to replicate. Despite this fact for the latest mycobacteria more than 50% of acidified phagosomes were present during the experience. Mycobacteria survival at acidic pHs (6.6; 5.4 and 4.6) was then evaluated. With the exception of M.smegmatis all strains grew at acidic pH showing that other factors than phagosome acidification were involved in mycobacteria killing. Next, other components of the inflammatory response were evaluated. Measurable values of NO were present in supernatants of THP-1 infected for 3 days with 60/08 being this bacterium susceptible, to high concentrations of NO in vitro. Il-10 secretion was also assayed. For both fast growing NTM and M.avium ATCC25291 the production of IL-10 was not detectable. For 60/08 IL-10 production peaked at 3 days, decreasing afterwards until undetectable levels at 7 days. Another factor being explored is apoptosis induction by NTM. Our preliminary results point to differential induction of apoptosis by different NTM

    The links between membrane actin assembly by mycobacterial phagosomes and phagosome maturation, macrophage activation and pathogen killing

    Get PDF
    Tese de doutoramento em Farmácia (Biologia e Genética Molecular), apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa através da Faculdade de Farmácia, 2008A infecção pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis e por outra micobactérias pertencentes ao complexo Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTC) é eficazmente controlada pelo sistema imunitário do hospedeiro em 90% dos casos. Contudo, embora os mediadores do sistema imunitário envolvidos neste processo estejam devidamente identificados e se saiba que o IFN desempenha um papel central é dificíl prever o desfecho de umainfecção por micobactérias. Por esta razão é premente estudar a interacçãomicobactéria-hospedeiro ao nível molecular de forma a identificar potenciais alvosterapêuticos para o controlo da tuberculose.As micobactérias são microrganismos intracelulares facultativos que sobrevivem nosmacrófagos alveolares ao nível dos fagossomas. Os macrófagos são células fagocíticasprofissionais com capacidade para eliminar invasores através da resposta imune inata.Esta inclui mecanismos como a produção de espécies radicalares de oxigénio e azoto, amaturação do fagossoma em fagolisossoma, produção de quimiocinas e a apresentaçãode antigénios micobacterianos ao sistema imunitário que resulta no desenvolvimento deuma imunidade adaptativa. As micobactérias patogénicas não só forçam a sua entradanos macrófagos como são capazes de persistir intracelularmente resistindo aos váriosmecanismos bactericidas dos macrófagos. A inibição da maturação do fagossoma emfagolisossoma pelas micobactérias patogénicas é apontada, à mais de três décadas,como a principal razão para o sucesso destes patogenes.Uma vez que a capacidade de subverter os mecanismos bactericidas dos macrófagos écaracterística das micobactérias patogénicas iniciamos este estudo com um parentedistante do M. tuberculosis, o M. smegmatis. Nesta parte do trabalho pretendemosidentificar os mecanismos bactericidas do macrófago activados por uma micobactérianão patogénica no decorrer da infecção que resultam na eliminação da mesma.Utilizando macrófagos de ratinho (J774 e BMM) verificamos que o M. smegmatisapresenta um perfil de sobrevivência intermédio entre o de uma micobactérias decrescimento lento como o M. tuberculosis e o apresentado por bactérias de crescimentorápido como a E. coli ou o Streptococcus. Estas últimas são eliminadas pelosmacrófagos em 4 h, enquanto que o M. smegmatis sobrevive intracelularmente até 48 hapresentando mesmo ciclos de multiplicação intracelular.viiPara verificar se este perfil de sobrevivência se deve apenas à micobactéria ou se ohospedeiro também desempenha um papel importante no desfecho da infecção usámosmacrófagos de vários hospedeiros . Em macrófagos de ratinho Raw e em macrófagosisolados do sangue periférico de voluntários saudáveis (HMDM) verificamos que o M.smegmatis era eliminado de uma forma contínua ao longo de 48 h.Assim, tomando partido da capacidade de replicação de M. smegmatis em J774 e dasvantagens técnicas proporcionadas por uma linha celular de rato iniciámos umaabordagem sitemática dos mecanismos envolvidos na eliminação desta micobactérianão patogénica de crescimento rápido pelos macrófagos ao longo de 24 h.O sistema estudado revelou-se extremamente dinâmico envolvendo um período inicialde morte (1-4 h), seguido de um período de replicação (4-8 h) e dois períodos de morte(8-12 h e 12-24 h). A síntese de óxido nítrico (NO) constitui o primeiro mecanismo dedefesa dos macrófagos mas a sua acção está circunscrita à primeira fase de morte. Aorganização de uma rede de actina e a fusão com organelos endocíticos tardioscoincidem com a primeira e última fase de morte. A reciclagem de marcadores de fasefluida e membranar do fagossoma coincidem com a fase de replicação micobacteriana(4-8 h). A acidificação e a aquisição de sub-unidades da bomba protónica (V-ATPase)pelo fagossoma apresentam um perfil diferente e coincidente com as fases tardias demorte. Além do mais, a colocalização da V-ATPase não é coincidente com a dosmarcadores característicos de endossomas tardios e lisosomas. A MAP cinase p38 écrucial para a regulação de todos os processos investigados, excepto a produção de NO,funcionando alternadamente a favor do hospedeiro ou do patogene. Um modelomatemático suporta a hipótese de que períodos alternados de actividade bactericida dacélula são mais eficazes para a elimição total de parasitas intracelulares do que umaactividade contínua.Umas vez definidos os perfis de sobrevivência/ morte intracelular de uma micobactérianão patogénica de crescimento rápido resolvemos estender a mesma abordagem amicobactérias de crescimento lento avirulentas (Mycobacterium bovis BCG) ouvirulentas (M. bovis). Neste estudo foram utilizados macrófagos de ratinho (J774, Raw eBMM) e de dois hospedeiros naturais de M. bovis. Os macrófagos humanos utilizadosforam isolados a partir do sangue periférico ou da linha celular THP-1. Os macrófagosde bovino foram isolados a partir do sangue periférico de animais saudáveis (BMDM).O estudo dos perfis de sobrevivência demonstrou que o BCG é eliminado de uma formaviiicontínua em todos os macrófagos excepto nos HMDM onde após um ciclo de replicaçãoatinge um estádio estacionário ao fim de 3 dias de infecção. Os perfis de sobrevivênciaobservados para o M. bovis são distintos dos do BCG. A micobactéria virulentapermanece num estado de latência ou consegue replicar-se activamente em todos osmacrófagos estudados. Em nenhum dos casos se observou a eliminação destamicobactéria pelos macrófagos.Os macrófagos de ratinho J774 e os HMDM foram escolhidos para a realização deestudos mais detalhados. A nossa escolha recaiu nestas células porque apresentamperfis de sobrevivência distintos para as duas micobactérias utilizadas. O facto de seremde hospedeiros distintos (rato e Homem) permitiu avaliar a importância do hospedeirono desfecho da infecção.A produção de NO pelos macrófagos de ratinho desempenha um papel importante nocontrolo das infecções por estas micobactérias. À semelhança do anteriormenteobservado com M. smegmatis, a acção do NO e dos radicais reactivos de azoto (RNI)está limitada aos estádios precoces da infecção (3h-3dias) embora seja possível detectara produção de NO até ao sétimo dia de infecção. Em nenhum momento da infecção foipossível detectar uma associação entre a membrana do fagossoma micobacteriano e asintetase inductível do óxido nítrico (iNOS).Nas células humanas não foi possível detectar a produção de NO ao longo da infecção oque pode, pelo menos parcialmente, explicar a diferença observada nos perfis desobrevivência.As micobactérias patogénicas são conhecidas por bloquearem a fusão do fagossomacom o lisossoma evitando desta forma a exposição a alguns dos agentes bactericidasmais potentes do macrófago. Por esta razão, a acidificação do fagossoma contendoM.bovis spp e a sua fusão com vesículas endocíticas tardias e/ou lisossomas foi seguidaao longo de 7 dias. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que as duas micobactérias sãocapazes de interferir com a maturação do fagossoma. O fagossoma micobacteriano nãoadquire marcadores de maturação de fase tardia como a V-ATPase ou o ácido liso-bisfosfatídico(LBPA), não acidifica o suficiente para acumular o corante acidotrópicolysotracker ou fundir com endossomas tardios e/ou lisossomas. Contudo, o maissurpreendente nestes resultados é o facto de duas micobactérias com perfis desobrevivência distintos apresentarem perfis de aquisição de marcadores de maturaçãosemelhantes. Embora, não nos seja possível apresentar evidências experimentaisdirectas uma diferente sensibilidade das duas estirpes de micobactérias à acção deixefectores como os RNI e o hidrogenião podem explicar estes resultados. In vitro aestirpe virulenta de M. bovis revelou ser mais resistente à acção do pH ácido e do NO doque o BCG. A realização de estudos em culturas de macrófagos com inibidores dabomba protónica e da iNOS confirmaram os resultados obtidos in vitro.A última parte do trabalho consistiu na modulação da resposta inflamatória dosmacrófagos e no estudo do seu impacto nas infeções por micobactérias. A modulação dosistema foi efectuada através da adição de lípidos. A nossa escolha recaiu sobre estassubstâncias porque (i) existem estudos epidemiológicos que suportam a associação entreuma dieta rica em lípidos omega-3 e uma elevada incidência de tuberculose, (ii) estudosanteriores em culturas celulares infectadas com o bacilo da tuberculose demonstraramque o tratamento com estes lípidos provocam efeitos semelhantes, (iii) os lípidos sãoimportantes para a regulação da nucleação da actina e consequentemente para amaturação do fagossoma em fagolisossoma.O tratamento das culturas de macrófagos com ácido eicosopentaenoico (EPA), ácidoaraquidónico (AA) e ceramida (Cer) produziram efeitos distintos. O lípido omega-3(EPA) estimula a sobrevivência do bacilo da tuberculose enquanto que o omega-6 (AA)e a ceramida exercem o efeito contrário. A ceramida foi incluída neste estudo por estarintimamente ligada com as vias biosintéticas do AA.A MAP cinase p38 é importante na sinalização pró-inflamatária durante as infecções bacterianas. Neste contexto resolvemos estudar o efeito dos diferentes lípidos na actividade desta cinase. Uma vez mais o EPA apresentou efeitos distintos do AA e da ceramida. O primeiro lípido não estimula a activação da p38 ao contrário do AA e da ceramida. A infecção das culturas de macrófagos com o bacilo da tuberculose alteraradicalmente a sinalização para a p38. O bacilo é capaz de bloquear a activação destacinase nos estádios precNon pathogenic mycobacteria are cleared from macrophages within 24 - 48 h while pathogenic mycobacteria can persist in the same cells for long periods of time. Using the non-pathogenic fast growing Mycobacterium smegmatis and two slow growing mycobacteria with distinct virulence (M. bovis BCG Pasteur and M. bovis) we start a systematic study to elucidate the role of different killing mechanisms during mycobacteria infection. Although all mycobacteria reside in phagosomes the acquisition of maturation markers were distinct for M. smegmatis and M. bovis spp. Thus different mycobacteria live and are killed in distinct compartments. Nevertheless, macrophage control of mycobacteria infections seems to follow a well established program where different killing mechanisms play a role at different times of infection. NO production is the first killing mechanism involved then phagossome maturation resulting in acidification of phagosome content and acquisition of lysosomal enzymes are also involved. Since inhibition of phagosome maturation plays a central role in mycobacteria pathogenesis we try to identify key regulators of this process. Previous studies shown that actin nucleation plays an important role in this process. In the present study we provide evidence that MAP kinase p38, a central player in the pro-inflamatory response to bacteria infection, regulates actin assembly by non-pathogenic mycobacteria containing phagosomes at early stages of infection. This kinase is a key regulator of all killing mechanisms except NO production. In the last part of the work we studied the modulation of the host defense mechanism by lipid treatment. This approach is supported by (i) the well established link between particular diets and tuberculosis incidence and (ii) recent results by Anes group showing that omega-3 and omega-6 lipids had opposite effects in M. tuberculosis survival in macrophages mediated probably by their ability to regulate actin nucleation and phagosome maturation. At the macrophage level, in general, the effects of Cer and/or AA were opposite to those of EPA, but in many infection stages these pro- and anti-inflammatory lipids were capable of reversing the signalling states between killing and survival. The effects of Cer and EPA were in part regulated by p38 MAP Kinase. These results argue against the idea of considering a simple recommended lipid-based diet against mycobacteria.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Projectos: FEDER POCTI/BCI/38983/2001; POCI/BIABCM/55327/2004 e bolsa de doutoramento SFRH / BD / 14284 /2003

    Preliminary evaluation of water contamination by pyrene, formation of chlorinate derivatives during water disinfection and toxicity in HepG2 cells

    Get PDF
    Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) são um grupo de contaminantes ambientais, classificados como potencialmente tóxicos, mutagénicos e carcinogénicos, constituindo um problema de saúde pública. No presente estudo, a presença de pireno (Pyr) e 1-cloro-pireno (1-ClPyr) e, diferentes amostras de água (água super ficial, subterrânea e água da rede) foi pesquisada por cromatografia gasosa - espectrometria de massa (GC-MS) após concentração da amostra por micro ex tração em fase sólida. Usando água com diferentes concentrações de Pyr, mostramos que uma concentração mínima deste composto é necessária para que o 1-ClPyr se forme durante o processo de cloração. Finalmente, avaliamos a toxicidade induzida por 1-ClPyr em células HepG2. Os resultados mostraram que este composto é tóxico e afeta a polarização da membrana mitocondrial.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of environmental contaminants, classified as potentially toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic, being an important public health concern. In the present study, we assayed different samples of water (superficial water, groundwater and tap water) for pyrene (Pyr) and 1-chloro-pyrene (1-ClPyr) by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after sample concentration by solid phase microextration. Using water with different Pyr concentrations, we showed that a minimal concentration of pyrene in water undergoing chlorination is required for 1-ClPyr formation. Finally, we evaluated the toxicity induced by 1-ClPyr in human hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2). The results showed that this compound is toxic and affects mitochondrial membrane polarization.Agradece-se à Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (RECI/QEQMED/0330/2012) e ao Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA) (BRJ-DSA/2012 atribuída a Sílvia José) pelo financiamento; à Alexandra MM Antunes, ao Ricardo Wanke (Instituto Superior Técnico) e à Ana S Cardoso (INSA) pela sua contribuição na síntese/caracterização de 1-ClPyr; ao grupo de A. Bettencourt (i-Med ULisboa) pelas células HepG2.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Molecular analysis on resistant TB isolates in Portugal

    Get PDF
    Abstrat publicado em: http://www.pasteur.fr/infosci/conf/sb/tuberculosis2012/images/TB2012-Program-Abstract-book-LD.pdfPortugal has one of the highest tuberculosis (TB) incidence (20/100 000 inhabitants) in Europe. The emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) TB and extensive drug-resistant (XDR) TB infection is the biggest threat to TB control. Most strains of MDR-TB circulating in the Lisbon area belong to a particular family of genetically related strains, the Lisboa family, detected in the 90’s. The prevalence of this family of strains has increased over the years, and represented more than 85% of the MDR-TB strains in the year of 2008. XDR-TB has been recently derived from MDR-TB strains and account for about 50% of these, the majority belonging to Lisboa family. Lisboa family represents a serious problem regarding TB control in Portugal and its prevalance in recent years suggests that these strains may have selective advantages over others. In order to establish a link between the most prevalent mutations in drug-resistance associated genes and spread of Lisboa strains in the Portuguese setting, 54 resistant-TB clinical isolates in Portugal were study. The isolates were characterized by 24 loci MIRU-VNTR and analyzed for inhA, katG, rpoB, rpsL, rrs, embB and pncA genes, for resistance to first-line drugs. The MDR isolates (n=35) were further analyzed for mutations in gyrA, tlyA, eis and rrs for resistance to fluoroquinolones and second-line injectables. MIRU-VNTR analysis showed that Lisboa family strains and Q1 cluster were the most prevalent, with 26 (48%) and 6 (11%) isolates respectively, including the majority of the MDR-TB and XDR- TB isolates. No mutations in first-line drug resistance associated genes specifically related with MDR were found. However, mutation analysis to second-line drug resistance in 17 MDR-TB isolates shown that specific mutations arepresent in particular families. Therefore, XDR-TB from Lisboa family exhibits gyrA D94G/S91P, tlyA Ins755GT and eis G-10A mutations, and XDR-TB from Q1 presents gyrA D94A and rrs A1401G mutations. The remaining isolates are still under study, and further analyses are ongoing. We conclude that XDR-TB isolates from Lisboa family and Q1 cluster have shown a marked difference between them, regarding second-line mutations. Such analysis may be useful to define mutation profiles that distinguish Lisboa family from Q1 isolates

    Bacterial biofilms, antibiotic resistance and healthcare-associated infections: a dangerous connection

    Get PDF
    In 2012, were estimated 6.7 million cases of healthcare-associated infections (HAI) either in long-term care facilities or acute-care hospitals from which result 37,000 deaths configuring a serious public health problem [1]. The etiological agents are diverse and often resistant to antimicrobial agents. One of the mechanisms responsible for the emergence of drug resistance is biofilm assembly. Biofilms are defined as thin layers of microorganisms adhering to the surface of a structure, which may be organic or inorganic, together with the polymers that they secrete [2]. They are dynamic structures which experience different stages of organization with the ageing and are linked to an increase in bacterial resistance to host defense mechanisms, antibiotics, sterilization procedures other than autoclaving, persistence in water distribution systems and other surfaces. The understanding of bacteria organization within the biofilm and the identification of differences between planktonic and sessile forms of bacteria will be a step forward to fight HAIs. Bacterial isolates were grown in adequate medium. Antibiotic susceptibility was evaluated by broth microdilution method and interpreted according to NCCLS guidelines. A similar assay was performed to evaluate biofilm susceptibility to antibiotics. Bacteria ability to assemble biofilms was assayed by the microtiter-plate test [3] being tested in both abiotic (materials present in healthcare units) and biotic (Hella cells) surfaces. The biofilm structure was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in either backscattered electron diffraction or secondary electrons mode. The kinetic of biofilm assembly depends on bacteria growth rate, incubation temperature and medium. Furthermore, the SEM analysis of planktonic and sessile forms of the same bacteria allowed the identification of structural differences which may be involved in virulence (Fig. 1). Bacteria ability to assemble biofilms seems to be independent of the abiotic structure (Fig.2). The same is not observed in biotic surfaces. This fact suggests that biofilm assembly in vivo is dependent of bacteria tropism. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determine for bacteria organized in biofilms is higher than for their planktonic forms. The increase ranges from 2 to 200 folds and is proportional to the ability of bacteria to assemble biofilms. Further studies will be conducted in order to prevent biofilm assembly within healthcare units which will result in a decrease of HAI and emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria

    Exploring dangerous connections between Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilms and healthcare-associated infections

    Get PDF
    Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) are a huge public health concern,particularly when the etiological agents are multidrug resistant. The ability of bacteria to develop biofilm is a helpful skill, both to persist within hospital units and to increase antibiotic resistance. Although the links between antibiotic resistance, biofilms assembly and HAI are consensual, little is known about biofilms. Here, electron microscopy was adopted as a tool to investigate biofilm structures associated with increased antibiotic resistance. The K. pneumoniae strains investigated are able to assemble biofilms, albeit with different kinetics. The biofilm structure and the relative area fractions of bacteria and extracellular matrix depend on the particular strain, as well as the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the antibiotics. Increased values were found for bacteria organized in biofilms when compared to the respective planktonic forms, except for isolates Kp45 and Kp2948, the MIC values for which remained unchanged for fosfomycin. Altogether, these results showed that the emergence of antimicrobial resistance among bacteria responsible for HAI is a multifactorial phenomenon dependent on antibiotics and on bacteria/biofilm features
    corecore